Delivering precision time protocol frequency and phase synchronization over a network without on-path support

ABSTRACT

Systems, methods, and computer-readable media for precision time protocol (PTP) frequency and phase synchronization to unanchored sites over non on-path supported networks are provided. In embodiments, the method includes continuously measuring one-way delay (OWD) and delay offset from a host site to an anchored site to determine a dynamic corrective offset (DCO). One of a plurality of unanchored sites is identified. In embodiments, the DCO is applied to PTP sync or PTP follow-up messages communicated from the host site to the identified unanchored site. The clocks associated with the unanchored sites are synchronized to the host clock.

SUMMARY

A high-level overview of various aspects of the invention is provided here for that reason, to provide an overview of the disclosure, and to introduce a selection of concepts that are further described in the detailed-description section below. This summary is not intended to identify key features nor essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in isolation to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. In brief, and at a high level, this disclosure describes, among other things, providing precision time protocol (PTP) frequency and phase synchronization in nondeterministic asymmetric traffic-based networks without on-path support to unanchored sites. In embodiments, one-way delay (OWD) and delay offset from a host site to an anchored site are continuously measured and utilized to determine a dynamic corrective offset (DCO). In embodiments, one of a plurality of unanchored sites is identified. The DCO is applied to PTP messages communicated from the host site to the identified unanchored site and the unanchored sites are synchronized with the host site.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

Illustrative embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures, and wherein:

FIG. 1 depicts an illustrative device suitable for use in connection with embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an exemplary network environment suitable for performing embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a diagram depicting an illustrative method for providing frequency and phase synchronization to unanchored sites over on-path supported networks, utilizing a host and anchored clock, in accordance with embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 4A is a one-step synchronization diagram depicting an illustrative one-step method for providing frequency and phase synchronization to unanchored sites over on-path supported networks, utilizing a host and anchored clock, in accordance with embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 4B is a two-step synchronization diagram depicting an illustrative two-step method for providing frequency and phase synchronization to unanchored sites over on-path supported networks, utilizing a host and anchored clock, in accordance with embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram depicting an illustrative method for providing PTP frequency and phase synchronization to unanchored sites over a network without on-path support, in accordance with embodiments of the invention; and

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram depicting an illustrative two-step method for providing PTP frequency and phase synchronization to unanchored sites over a network without on-path support, in accordance with embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The subject matter of the present invention is described with specificity herein to meet statutory requirements. However, the description itself is not intended to limit the scope of this patent. Rather, the inventor has contemplated that the claimed subject matter might also be embodied in other ways, to include different steps or combinations of steps similar to the ones described in this document, in conjunction with other present or future technologies. Moreover, although the terms “step” and/or “block” may be used herein to connote different elements of the methods employed, the terms should not be interpreted as implying any particular order among or between various steps herein disclosed unless and except when the order of individual steps is explicitly described.

To address gaps in macro-network coverage (e.g., in buildings), to provide additional network capacity in congested areas, and for other reasons, macro-network service providers have begun installing and using devices referred to herein as small cells, which may also be referred to as femtocells, picocells, microcells, low-cost internet base stations (LCIBs), and by other names. Note that the aforementioned terms that end in “cell” may also be generally and herein used to refer to the coverage area provided by the respective device. Note also that “low-cost” is not used as a limiting term; that is, devices of any cost may be categorized as LCIBs, though most LCIBs typically will be much less expensive on average than most macro-network base stations.

A typical small cell may be approximately the size of a desktop phone or WiFi access point, and is essentially a low-power, low-capacity version of a macro base station. Thus, a typical small cell will use a normal power outlet, perhaps with a transformer providing a DC power supply. The small cell may have a wired (e.g., Ethernet) or wireless (e.g., WiFi) connection with the user's router, and would thus have connectivity to the Internet and/or one or more other packet-data networks via the user's broadband connection. A small cell may establish a virtual-private-network (VPN) connection over the Internet with an entity (e.g., a VPN terminator) on the wireless-service (macro-network) provider's core network, and thereby be able to securely communicate via the VPN terminator with other entities on that core network and beyond.

The small cell also has a wireless-communication (e.g., LTE or CDMA) interface that is compatible with the user's mobile station(s), such that the small cell may act as a micro base station, providing coverage on the wireless-service provider's network via the user's Internet connection. Usually, a small cell will provide service on a single RF carrier (or on a single carrier per technology, where multiple technologies (e.g., 1xRTT and EV-DO) are supported), and also transmit what is known as a pilot beacon, which includes administrative messages and parameters that mobile stations use to connect with the small cell.

In typical macro network implementations, Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers are installed at every macro base station for frequency and phase synchronization. But in the case of small cell deployment, synchronization may be problematic. In a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, Coordinated Multi-point (CoMP) is needed for interference mitigation of small cells which are in close proximity to each other. Accordingly, CoMP requires extremely tight phase synchronization. Synchronization, as used herein, refers to the technique applied to ensure the radios in LTE small cell base stations are operating within specific performance parameters. Currently, the costs of deploying small cells with a GPS receiver are cost prohibitive. Further, locating small cells with GPS accessibility is not always possible.

Precision Time Protocol (PTP) IEEE-1588v2 supports both unicast and multicast messages to synchronize clocks thought a telecommunication network. PTP provides for frequency and phase synchronization, but to produce acceptable results requires some form of on-path support because nondeterministic dynamic asymmetric traffic-based networks vary in bidirectional delay. Such on-path support mechanisms are typically in the form of boundary and/or transparent clocks. This approach is generally effective in new installations (i.e., green-field approach), however is impractical and costly for existing networks (i.e., brown-field approach).

In simplified PTP systems, a grandmaster clock performs a discovery of all slave clocks and the synchronization alignment starts with the grandmaster clock. High precision is needed for telecom networks; therefore, PTP clock accuracy of sub-microsecond range is possible when the network traffic is fairly symmetric and has low delay. However, in packet-based networks, particularly in public IP networks, the traffic may be asymmetric and may have bursts of traffic which causes periods of higher delay. On-path support in the network helps mitigate the delay and filters out clocking noise, but IP public networks do not have clocking support.

Normally, slave clock manufacturers use a variety of proprietary methods and algorithms for determining useful PTP packets (i.e., packets that have reached their destination without undue delay). These slaves may achieve clock accuracy between the master and slave in the hundreds of nanoseconds. However, low Packet Delay Variation (PDV) and symmetry is necessary to produce extremely tight phase synchronization. In networks without on-path support, accuracy and locking of phase is not possible. Further exacerbating this problem is that many networks utilized by wireless providers are under other's control.

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to providing PTP frequency and phase synchronization to unanchored sites (e.g., small cell sites without GPS functionality) in asymmetric networks without PTP on-path support. In embodiments, OWD and delay offset are continuously measured from a host site (e.g., macro site with GPS functionality) to an anchored site (small cell site or macro site with GPS functionality) to determine a DCO. In embodiments, the DCO is applied to PTP messages communicated from the host site to the unanchored sites and the unanchored sites are synchronized with the host site.

Accordingly, in one aspect, embodiments of the present invention are directed to one or more computer-readable storage media having computer-executable instructions embodied thereon that, when executed, perform a method of utilizing a host site to provide PTP frequency and phase synchronization to unanchored sites over non on-path supported (NoPS) networks. The method comprises: continuously measuring, in an asymmetric network without on-path support, one-way delay (OWD) and delay offset from a host site to an anchored site to determine a DCO, wherein each of the host site and the anchored site has a Primary Reference Timing Clock (PRTC) that is traceable and synchronous to a common clock; identifying one of a plurality of unanchored sites; and applying the DCO to PTP messages communicated from the host site to the identified unanchored site.

In another aspect, embodiments of the present invention are directed to a method for providing PTP frequency and phase synchronization to unanchored sites over NoPS networks. The method comprises: continuously measuring, in an asymmetric network without on-path support, OWD and delay offset from a host site to an anchored site to determine a DCO; identifying one of a plurality of unanchored sites; communicating, to the identified unanchored site, a PTP sync message from the host site that includes a time stamp indicating a point in time the host site sent the sync message, the time stamp being ignored by the unanchored site and the PTP sync message being received by the unanchored site at a second point in time; and communicating, to the identified unanchored site, a PTP follow-up message from the host site indicating the DCO, the PTP follow-up message being received at a third point in time.

In yet another aspect, embodiments of the present invention are directed to a computer system for utilizing a host site that incorporates a grandmaster to receive synchronization clocking from a PRTC and sends and receives PTP messages to and from unanchored sites over PTP NoPS networks. The computer system comprises a processor coupled to a computer-storage medium, the computer-storage medium having stored thereon a plurality of computer software components executable by the processor. The computer software components comprise: a delay component for continuously measuring, in an asymmetric network without on-path support, OWD and delay offset from a host site to an anchored site to determine a DCO, wherein each of the host site and the anchored site has a Primary Reference Timing Clock (PRTC) that is traceable and synchronous to a common clock; an identification component for identifying one of a plurality of unanchored sites; an application component for applying the DCO to PTP messages communicated from the host site to the identified unanchored site; and a sync component for communicating, to the identified unanchored site, a PTP sync and/or follow-up message from the host site that indicates the DCO.

Throughout the description of embodiments of the present invention, several acronyms and shorthand notations are used to aid the understanding of certain concepts pertaining to the associated methods, systems, and computer-readable media. These acronyms and shorthand notations are solely intended for the purpose of providing an easy methodology of communicating the ideas expressed herein and are in no way meant to limit the scope of the present invention. The following is a list of these acronyms:

-   -   3G Third-Generation Wireless Telephone Technology     -   4G Fourth-Generation Wireless Telephone Technology     -   CDMA Code Division Multiple Access     -   CD-ROM Compact Disk Read Only Memory     -   CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point     -   CRM Customer Relations Management     -   CSR Cell Site Router     -   DVD Digital Versatile Discs     -   EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory     -   ENODEB Evolved Node B     -   GPRS General Packet Radio Service     -   GPS Global Positioning System     -   GSM Global System for Mobile Communications     -   HLR Home Location Register     -   iDEN Integrated Digital Enhanced Network     -   IP Internet Protocol     -   LTE Long Term Evolution     -   MSC Mobile Serving Center     -   MMS Multimedia Messaging Service     -   PDV Packet Delay Variation     -   PC Personal Computer     -   PCS Personal Communications Service     -   PDA Personal Digital Assistant     -   PLMN Public Land Mobile Network     -   PRTC Primary Reference Timing Clock     -   PTP Precision Time Protocol     -   RAM Random Access Memory     -   RF Radio Frequency     -   ROM Read Only Memory     -   SIB2 SystemInformationBlockType2     -   SLA Service Level Agreement     -   SMS Short Message Service     -   TDMA Time Division Multiple Access     -   UCT Coordinated Universal Time     -   UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems     -   VoIP Voice over IP     -   WAN Wide Area Network     -   Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity     -   WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

Further, various technical terms are used throughout this description. An illustrative resource that fleshes out various aspects of these terms can be found in Newton's Telecom Dictionary, 25th Edition (2009).

Embodiments of the present invention can take the form of a method, system, or computer-readable media embodied with a specific set of computer-executable instructions. Computer-readable media include both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and nonremovable media, and contemplate media readable by a database, a switch, and various other network and computing devices. Computer-readable media include media implemented in any method or technology that stores information. Examples of stored information include computer-useable instructions, data structures, program modules, and other data representations. Examples of computer-readable media include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile discs (DVD), holographic media or other optical disc storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage, and other magnetic storage devices. The computer-readable media can store data momentarily, temporarily, or permanently.

Turning now to FIG. 1, a block diagram of an illustrative mobile computing device (“mobile device”) is provided and referenced generally by the numeral 100. Although some components are shown in the singular, they may be plural. For example, mobile device 100 might include multiple processors or multiple radios, etc. As illustratively shown, mobile device 100 includes a bus 110 that directly or indirectly couples various components together including memory 112, a processor 114, a presentation component 116, a radio 117, input/output ports 118, input/output components 120, and a power supply 122.

Memory 112 might take the form of one or more of the aforementioned media. Thus, we will not elaborate more here, only to say that memory component 112 can include any type of medium that is capable of storing information in a manner readable by a computing device. In one embodiment, memory 112 includes a set of embodied computer-executable instructions 113 that, when executed, facilitate various aspects disclosed herein. These embodied instructions will variously be referred to as “instructions 113” or “application 113” for short.

Processor 114 might actually be multiple processors that receive instructions 113 and process them accordingly. Presentation component 116 includes the likes of a display, a speaker, as well as other components that can present information (such as a lamp (LED), or even lighted keyboards).

Radio 117 represents a radio that facilitates communication with a wireless telecommunications network. Illustrative wireless telecommunications technologies include LTE, Wi-MAX, CDMA, GPRS, TDMA, GSM, Wi-Fi and the like. As can be appreciated, in various embodiments, radio 117 can be configured to support multiple technologies and/or multiple radios can be utilized to support multiple technologies. A wireless telecommunications network might include an array of devices, which are not shown so as to not obscure more relevant aspects of the invention. Components such as a base station, a communications tower, or even access points (as well as other components) can provide wireless connectivity in some embodiments.

Input/output port 118 might take on a variety of forms. Illustrative input/output ports include a USB jack, stereo jack, infrared port, proprietary communications ports, and the like. Input/output components 120 include items such as keyboards, microphones, touch screens, and any other item usable to directly or indirectly input data into mobile device 100. Power supply 122 includes items such as batteries, fuel cells, or any other component that can act as a power source to power mobile device 100.

FIG. 2 provides an exemplary network environment suitable for use in implementing embodiments of the present invention. Such a network environment is illustrated and designated generally as network environment 200. Network environment 200 is but one example of a suitable network environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the invention. Neither should the network environment be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated.

In the network environment 200, network 202 enables communication between user devices 201 (e.g., mobile devices 100, servers, a personal computers, etc.). User devices 201 may take on a variety of forms, such as a personal computer (PC), a laptop computer, a tablet, a netbook, a mobile phone, a smart phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), or any other device that is cable of communicating with other devices. For example, the user device 201 can take on any form, such as a mobile device 100 or any other computing device capable of wirelessly communicating with the other devices using the network. Makers of illustrative devices include, for example, Research in Motion, Creative Technologies Corp., Samsung, Apple Computer, and the like. A user device 201 can include, for example, a display(s), a power source(s) (e.g., a battery), a data store(s), a speaker(s), memory, a buffer(s), and the like. In embodiments, a user device comprises a wireless or mobile device with which a wireless telecommunication network(s) can be utilized for communication (e.g., voice and/or data communication). In this regard, the user device 201 can be any mobile computing device that communicates by way of, for example, a 3G or 4G network.

In embodiments, the network 202 is a telecommunications network(s), or a portion thereof. A telecommunications network might include an array of devices or components, some of which are not shown so as to not obscure more relevant aspects of the invention. Components such as terminals, links, and nodes (as well as other components) can provide connectivity in some embodiments. Network 202 can include multiple networks, as well as being a network of networks, but is shown in more simple form so as to not obscure other aspects of the present invention. The network 202 can be part of a telecommunication network that connects subscribers to their immediate service provider. In embodiments, the network 202 can be associated with a telecommunications provider that provides services to user devices 201. For example, the network 202 may provide voice services to user devices 201 or corresponding users that are registered or subscribed to utilize the services (e.g., the network 202) provided by a telecommunications provider. The network 202 can be any communication network providing voice and/or data service(s), such as, for example, a 1x circuit voice, a 3G network (e.g., CDMA, CDMA2000, WCDMA, GSM, UMTS), or a 4G network (WiMAX, LTE, HSDPA).

In embodiments, the network 202 is comprised of one or more edges (e.g., Edge 1 230 and Edge 2 240). The unanchored sites 232, 234, 242, 244 and an anchored site 220 may be supported by one or more edges 230, 240. The unanchored sites 232, 234, 242, 244 and anchored site 220 may be small cell sites which provide additional capacity and extend the range of the network 202 beyond what may be provided by a traditional macro cell tower. In one embodiment, the network 202 is an asymmetric network without PTP on-path support (e.g., public IP network). In other words, in one embodiment, the network 202 is not supported with transparent and/or boundary clocks. In one embodiment, the network 202 is an asymmetric network with PTP partial on-path support (e.g., one node includes a transparent clock).

The anchored site 220 is the only edge-supported site deployed with a PRTC 224 which is traceable and synchronous to a common clock. In one embodiment, the common clock is Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). In one embodiment, the PRTC 224 is a GPS receiver. This greatly reduces the costs associated with deploying edge-supporting small cell sites (i.e., the unanchored sites) and allows for deploying a GPS receiver at the edge-supporting site (e.g., LTE Pico cell) with the best available GPS line-of-sight. In one embodiment, one or more of the unanchored sites that are not deployed with an external clock that is traceable and synchronous to a common clock is deployed in an in-building environment. In one embodiment, more than one anchored site is deployed in a network 202 to support distinct edges associated with the network 202.

Host site 210 is also deployed with a PRTC 214, which is traceable and synchronous to a common clock. The host site 210 may be, for example, a macro cell found in a typical telecommunications network. In one embodiment, the PRTC is a GPS receiver. Each of the PRTCs 214, 224 allow for identical time synchronization between the host clock 212 and the anchored clock 222. This also allows for a very accurate measurement of OWD from the host site 210 to the anchored site 220. The OWD can then be used to modify, as discussed herein, a typical PTP packet to synchronize the remaining small cells of the unanchored sites 232, 234, 242, 244 by using the standard PTP approach of one-way or two-way frequency only messaging. In one embodiment, a cell site router (CSR) 216, 226 aggregates the IP traffic within the cell site.

The unanchored sites 232, 234 242, 244 are usually positioned in clusters. The clusters may be located in an office building, a shopping mall, a stadium, or any other indoor or outdoor location to provide additional capacity or extended coverage to a macro network. The anchored site 220 may also be a small cell included as part of the cluster, with the location of the anchored site determined based on the availability of a GPS signal. The host site 210 may be a macro cell in a telecommunications network. The host site 210 will typically be the macro cell in proximity to the cluster, but remote host sites may also be used. In one embodiment, a host site 210 synchronizes with multiple clusters. In one embodiment, each cluster represents comprises one or more anchored sites and one or more associated unanchored sites. In one embodiment, the host site identifies a unique or separate DCO for each cluster. For example, an office building may have a plurality of small cells with an anchored site and one or more unanchored sites. Office buildings in the proximate area will each have their own cluster of small cells. A macro cell in the proximate area of the office buildings may serve as the host site 210 for a plurality of clusters.

In implementation, each of the sites is associated with a synchronization engine 250 that is utilized to provide PTP frequency and phase synchronization to unanchored sites over NoPS networks. The synchronization engine 250 includes, in various embodiments, delay component 252, identification component 254, application component 256, and sync component 258. Although each of these components are illustrated as one synchronization engine 250 associated with the network 202, it should be appreciated that any or all of these components may be associated with any of the network elements, including host site 210 or the anchored site 220.

Delay component 252 continuously measures, in an asymmetric network without on-path support, OWD and delay offset from the host site 210 to the anchored site 220 to determine a dynamic corrective offset (DCO). The delay offset accounts for processor time and/or additional delay required to align phase. Identification component 254 uniquely identifies each site in the cluster, including both anchored and unanchored sites. The anchored site is the only site other than the host site that is deployed with a PRTC, which is traceable and synchronous to a common clock (e.g., UTC). Further, no boundary or transparent clocks are utilized in the PTP synchronization transport link or path. In one embodiment, each of the unanchored sites and anchored sites is identified by media access control (MAC) address. In one embodiment, each of the unanchored sites and anchored sites is identified by internet protocol (IP) address.

Application component 256 applies the DCO to PTP messages communicated from the host site to the identified unanchored site. As can be appreciated, in a public IP network, the DCO varies over time based on a variety of factors. By continuously measuring the OWD and delay offset, the DCO can be frequently updated as necessary to maintain integrity in the clock synchronization process despite not having an external clock in any of the unanchored sites. In other words, the DCO allows the clocks associated with each of the unanchored sites 232, 234, 242, 244 and the anchored site 220 to synchronize with the clock associated with the host site despite the absence of an external UTC traceable clocking source at unanchored sites 232, 234, 242, 244.

In another embodiment (i.e., the one-step synchronization process), rather than communicating a PTP follow-up message, sync component 258 communicates, to the identified unanchored site, a PTP sync message from the host site that indicates the DCO in the {correction_field} of the sync message. In this embodiment, the two-step flag is set to false and a PTP follow-up message is not required.

In one embodiment (i.e., the two-step synchronization process), sync component 258 communicates, to the identified unanchored site, a PTP sync message from the host site that indicates a point in time (i.e., a time stamp) the host site sent the sync message. Since the two-step flag is set to true, the {message_field} is ignored, in one embodiment, by the unanchored site. In this embodiment, sync component 258 further communicates, to the identified unanchored site, a PTP follow-up message from the host site that indicates the DCO in the {value_field} of the PTP follow-up message. The PTP follow-up message is received by the identified unanchored site at a third point in time.

Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3, in one embodiment, sync component 258 communicates, to the identified unanchored site 304, a PTP sync message 310 from the host site 302 that indicates a point in time 360 to the identified unanchored site 304. In one embodiment, the two-step value is set to false (i.e., only sync message is sent), and the DCO is included in the {correction_field} of the sync message. In one embodiment, the two-step value is set to true (i.e., sync and follow-up) and that point in time is ignored by the unanchored site. The sync message 310 is received by the unanchored site 304 at a second point in time 362. In one embodiment, a follow-up message 320 from the host site 302 is communicated to the identified unanchored site 304 indicating the DCO. The follow-up message 320 is received by the unanchored site 304 at a third point in time 364.

In implementation, and referring to FIG. 4A, a one-step synchronization diagram depicts PTP frequency and phase synchronization for unanchored sites over NoPS networks, utilizing a host and anchored clock, in accordance with embodiments of the invention.

At host clock 402 time twenty-two 410, a PTP sync message 412 is sent that includes a time stamp indicating a point in time the host clock communicates the PTP message. In this example, the time stamp corresponds to the host clock time of twenty-two 410. In one embodiment, the DCO is communicated as a value in the {correction_field} of the PTP sync message. The DCO comprises the sum of the time stamp, the OWD, and delay offset (e.g., processor time and/or additional delay required to align phase). In this example, the OWD is 2 and the delay offset is 0. Thus, the sum of the time stamp (e.g., 22), the OWD (e.g., 2), and the delay offset (i.e., 0) results in a DCO of twenty-four 422. The corrective offset 424 is calculated by subtracting the unanchored time 420 (e.g., 103) at the receipt of the sync message from the DCO 422 (e.g., 24). In this example, the corrective offset 424 is negative seventy-nine.

The offset corrected time for the unanchored clock 404 is then established by adding the corrective offset 424 (e.g., −79) to the unanchored clock time 420 (e.g., 103). In this example, the offset corrected time is twenty-four 426. This process repeats to maintain frequency and phase synchronization with the host clock 402.

For example, the next PTP sync message 432 is communicated with a time-stamp indicating the host clock time of twenty-seven 430. The DCO is communicated as a value in the {correction_field} of the PTP sync message and comprises the sum of the time stamp (e.g., 27), the OWD, and delay offset. In this example, the sum of the OWD and the Delay offset is still two resulting in a DCO of twenty-nine 442. The corrective offset 424 is calculated by subtracting the unanchored time 440 (e.g., 29) at the receipt of the sync message from the DCO 442 (e.g., 29). In this example, the corrective offset 444 is zero.

The offset corrected time for the unanchored clock 404 is then established by adding the corrective offset 444 (e.g., 0) to the unanchored clock time 440 (e.g., 29). In this example, the offset corrected time is twenty-nine 446. This process repeats to maintain frequency and phase synchronization with the host clock 402. The offset corrected time is the synchronized time at the unanchored site. As can be appreciated, this process is repeated any number of times. As also can be appreciated, any time delay changes, the unanchored clock will need to be corrected utilizing the above method.

Referring now to FIG. 4B, a two-step synchronization diagram depicts PTP frequency and phase synchronization for unanchored sites over NoPS networks, utilizing a host and anchored clock, in accordance with embodiments of the invention. For purposes of this example, the OWD is two and the delay offset is zero.

At host clock 402 time forty-four 450, a PTP sync message 452 is sent that includes a time stamp indicating a point in time the host clock communicates the PTP message (e.g., forty-four). In this example, the time stamp corresponds to the host clock time of forty-four 450 and is ignored by the unanchored site. A follow-up message 462 is sent with the DCO which correlates to the same point in time as the PTP sync message 452. The DCO comprises the sum of the time stamp, the OWD, and delay offset (i.e., processor time and/or additional delay required to align phase). In this example, the OWD is 2 and the delay offset is 0. Thus, the sum of the time stamp (e.g., 44), the OWD (e.g., 2), and the delay offset (e.g., 0) results in a DCO of forty-six 456. Once the unanchored site receives the follow-up message 462, the corrective offset 466 is computed for the unanchored clock 404. The corrective offset 466 is calculated by subtracting the unanchored time 454 (e.g., 2) at the receipt of the sync message from the DCO (e.g., 46). In this example, the corrective offset 466 is forty-four.

The offset corrected time for the unanchored clock 404 is then established by adding the corrective offset 466 (e.g., 44) at the follow-up message 462 to the unanchored clock time 464 (e.g., 7) when the follow-up message 462 was received. In this example, the offset corrected time is fifty-one 468. This process repeats to maintain frequency and phase synchronization with the host clock 402.

For example, the next PTP sync message 472 is sent at host clock time fifty-one 470. A follow-up message 482 is also sent with a value of fifty-one. Utilizing the same OWD of two, the same delay offset of zero, the DCO is calculated upon receiving the follow-up message 484. In this example, the DCO is fifty-three 460. It should be appreciated, however, that the OWD is dynamic and may differ from the previous OWD associated with the follow-up message 462. The corrective offset 486 is calculated by subtracting the unanchored time, fifty-three, at the receipt of the sync message 472 (e.g., 424) from the DCO 476, also fifty-three. In this case the corrective offset 486 is zero. Finally, the offset corrected time for the unanchored clock 404 is calculated by adding the corrective offset 486 to the unanchored clock time 484 (e.g., 58) when the follow-up message is received. In this example, zero is added to fifty-eight, making the offset corrected time fifty-eight. The offset corrected time is the synchronized time at the unanchored site. As can be appreciated, this process is repeated any number of times. As also can be appreciated, any time delay changes, the unanchored clock will need to be corrected utilizing the above method.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a flow diagram depicts a method 500 for providing PTP frequency and phase synchronization to unanchored sites over NoPS networks, in accordance with embodiments of the invention. At step 510, OWD and delay offset, in an asymmetric network without on-path support, is continuously measured from a host site to an anchored site. The delay offset comprises processor delay and any necessary delay to account for phase shift. Each of the host site and the anchored site has a PRTC that is traceable and synchronous to a common clock. In one embodiment, the common clock is UTC. In one embodiment, the PRTC is a GPS receiver.

One of a plurality of anchor sites is identified at step 512. In one embodiment, each of the unanchored sites is identified by MAC address. In one embodiment, each of the unanchored sites is identified by IP address. In one embodiment, a cluster comprises one or more anchored sites and one or more associated unanchored sites. In one embodiment, a single host site synchronizes with multiple clusters. In one embodiment, a unique DCO is identified for each cluster synchronized by the host site.

The DCO is applied, at step 514, to PTP messages communicated from the host site to the identified unanchored site. In one embodiment, applying the DCO to PTP messages comprises communicating, to the identified unanchored site, a PTP sync message from the host site that indicates a point in time (i.e., a time stamp) the host site sent the PTP sync message. The PTP sync message is received by the identified unanchored site at a second point in time.

In a one-step synchronization embodiment, a two-step flag is set to false, indicating that a one-step synchronization process should be followed. In this embodiment, applying the DCO to PTP message comprises communicating, from the host site to the identified unanchored site, a PTP sync message that indicates the DCO in the {correction_field} of the PTP sync message. In one embodiment, an offset corrected time for the identified unanchored site is determined by adding the point in time to the DCO.

In a two-step synchronization embodiment, it is indicated to the identified unanchored site to ignore the point in time indicated in the PTP sync message. A flag is set to true indicating that a two-step synchronization process should be followed and the identified unanchored site waits for a PTP follow-up message from the host site. In one embodiment, a PTP follow-up message is communicated from the host site to the identified unanchored site indicating the DCO. The PTP follow-up message is received at a third point in time.

In one embodiment, a corrective offset is determined by subtracting the second point in time from the DCO. In one embodiment, an offset corrected time for the identified unanchored site is determined by adding the corrective offset to the third point in time. As can be appreciated, this process is repeated any number of times to accommodate any changes in DCO over time.

Referring now to FIG. 6, a flow diagram depicts an illustrative two-step method 600 for providing PTP frequency and phase synchronization to unanchored sites over NoPS networks, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Initially, at step 610, OWD and delay offset from a host site to an anchored site is continuously measured, in an asymmetric network without on-path support, to determine a DCO. The DCO is the sum of the OWD and the delay offset. In one embodiment, each of the host site and the anchored site has a PRTC that is traceable and synchronous to a common clock. In one embodiment, the common clock is UTC.

At step 612, one of a plurality of unanchored sites is identified. The unanchored sites do not include a PRTC that is traceable and synchronous to a common clock. Further, in one embodiment, no boundary or transparent clocks are utilized in the PTP synchronization process. In one embodiment, each of the unanchored sites is identified by MAC address. In one embodiment, each of the unanchored sites is identified by IP address.

At step 614, a PTP sync message is communicated to the identified unanchored site from the host site that indicates a time stamp representing the point in time the host site sent the PTP sync message. The PTP sync message is received by the unanchored site at a second point in time. The time stamp is ignored by the unanchored site.

At step 616, a PTP follow-up message is communicated to the identified unanchored site from the host site indicating the DCO. The DCO is the sum of the time stamp and the DCO. The follow-up message is received by the unanchored site at a third point in time. In one embodiment, additional PTP sync and follow-up messages are sent in the same fashion to maintain PTP frequency and phase synchronization.

In one embodiment, a corrective offset is determined by subtracting the DCO from the slave time at the second point in time. In one embodiment, an offset corrected time is determined for the indentified unanchored site by adding the corrective offset to the third point in time. As can be appreciated, this process is repeated any number of times to accommodate PTP frequency and phase synchronization of the unanchored sites to the host.

Many different arrangements of the various components depicted, as well as components not shown, are possible without departing from the scope of the claims below. Embodiments of our technology have been described with the intent to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Alternative means of implementing the aforementioned can be completed without departing from the scope of the claims below. Certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations and are contemplated within the scope of the claims. For example, not all steps listed in the various figures need to be carried out in the specific order described. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. Non-transitory computer-readable media having computer-executable instructions embodied thereon that, when executed by one or more computing devices, cause the one or more computing devices to perform operations comprising: continuously measuring, in an asymmetric network without on-path support, one-way delay (OWD) and delay offset from a host site to an anchored site to determine a dynamic corrective offset (DCO), wherein each of the host site and the anchored site has a Primary Reference Timing Clock (PRTC) that is traceable and synchronous to a common clock; identifying one of a plurality of unanchored small cell sites; and applying the DCO to precision time protocol (PTP) messages communicated from the host site to the identified unanchored small cell site, wherein applying the DCO to PTP messages comprises: communicating, to the identified unanchored small cell site, a PTP sync message from the host site that indicates a point in time the host site sent the PTP sync message, the PTP sync message being received at a second point in time; indicating, to the identified unanchored small cell site, to ignore the point in time indicated in the PTP sync message; and communicating to the identified unanchored small cell site a follow-up message from the host site indicating the DCO, wherein the DCO comprises a sum of the point in time, the OWD, and the delay offset, and further wherein the follow-up message is received at a third point in time.
 2. The media of claim 1, further comprising: determining a corrective offset by subtracting the DCO from the second point in time; and determining an offset corrected time for the identified unanchored small cell site by adding the corrective offset to the third point in time.
 3. The media of claim 1, wherein the DCO is indicated in the {correction_field} of the PTP sync message.
 4. The media of claim 1, wherein the PRTC is a global positioning system (GPS) receiver.
 5. The media of claim 1, wherein one or more anchored sites and one or more associated unanchored small cell sites are proximately positioned to comprise a cluster.
 6. The media of claim 5, wherein the host site synchronizes with multiple clusters.
 7. The media of claim 6, wherein the host site identifies a unique DCO for each cluster.
 8. The media of claim 1, wherein each of the anchored and unanchored small cell sites is identified by media access control (MAC) address.
 9. The media of claim 1, wherein each of the anchored and unanchored small cell sites is identified by internet protocol (IP) address.
 10. A method for providing precision time protocol (PTP) frequency and phase synchronization to unanchored small cell sites over non on-path supported (NoPS) networks, the method comprising: continuously measuring, in an asymmetric network without on-path support, one-way delay and delay offset from a host site to an anchored site to determine a dynamic corrective offset (DCO); identifying one of a plurality of unanchored small cell sites; communicating, to the identified unanchored small cell site, a PTP sync message from the host site that includes a time stamp indicating a point in time the host site sent the PTP sync message, the time stamp being ignored by the unanchored site and the PTP sync message being received by the unanchored site at a second point in time; and communicating to the identified unanchored site a PTP follow-up message from the host site indicating a first offset that is the sum of the time stamp and the DCO, the PTP follow-up message being received at a third point in time.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein each of the host site and the anchored site has a Primary Reference Timing Clock (PRTC) that is traceable and synchronous to a common clock.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein each of the anchored and unanchored small cell sites is identified by media access control (MAC) address.
 13. The method of claim 10, wherein each of the anchored and unanchored small cell sites is identified by internet protocol (IP) address.
 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising determining a corrective offset by subtracting the second point in time from the first offset.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising determining an offset corrected time by adding the corrective offset to the third point in time.
 16. A computer system for providing precision time protocol (PTP) frequency and phase synchronization to unanchored small cell sites over non on-path supported (NoPS) networks comprising: a processor; and a computer storage medium storing computer-useable instructions that, when used by the processor, cause the processor to: continuously measure, in an asymmetric network without on-path support, one-way delay (OWD) and delay offset from a host site to an anchored site to determine a dynamic corrective offset (DCO), wherein each of the host site and the anchored site has a Primary Reference Timing Clock (PRTC) that is traceable and synchronous to a common clock; identify one of a plurality of unanchored small cell sites; apply the DCO to PTP messages communicated from the host site to the identified unanchored small cell site, wherein the DCO is communicated in the {correction_field} of the PTP sync message and comprises a sum of the point in time, the OWD, and the delay offset; and communicate, to the identified unanchored small cell site, a PTP sync message that indicates a point in time the PTP sync message is communicated from the host site.
 17. The computer system of claim 16, wherein the point in time in the PTP sync message is ignored by the unanchored small cell site, and a PTP follow-up message is communicated from the host site to the unanchored small cell site that includes the DCO, the PTP sync message being received at a second point in time and the PTP follow-up message being received at a third point in time.
 18. The computer system of claim 17, wherein a corrective offset is determined by subtracting the DCO from the second point in time and an offset corrected time is determined by adding the corrective offset to the third point in time. 